What to Know

In this week’s spotlight, CDC highlights new resources for employers of farm workers, the results of a radio media tour for journalists reporting on flu, and findings from genetic sequencing of some of the avian influenza A(H5) viruses from recent cases among people with exposures to infected animals in Washington and California.

Situation Update

November 18, 2024 – CDC continues to respond to the public health challenge posed by a multistate outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus, or “H5N1 bird flu,” in dairy cows, poultry and other animals in the United States. CDC is working in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), state public health and animal health officials, and other partners using a One Health approach.

Since April 2024, CDC, working with state public health departments, has confirmed avian influenza A(H5) virus infections in 52 people in the United States. Twenty-one of these cases were associated with exposure to avian influenza A(H5N1) virus -infected poultry and 30 were associated with exposure to infected dairy cows [A][B]. The source of the exposure in one case, which was reported by Missouri on September 6, could not be determined.

The 52 cases include 26 cases among dairy farm workers in California, five of which were confirmed by CDC on November 13 and 14, and one additional case in a poultry farm worker in Oregon. This is the first human case of H5N1 bird flu reported in Oregon. All recent cases have occurred in workers on affected farms. All available data so far suggest sporadic instances of animal-to-human spread. These farm workers all described mild symptoms, many with eye redness or discharge (conjunctivitis). Some workers who tested positive in Washington reported some mild upper respiratory symptoms. None of the workers were hospitalized.

CDC is aware of the human case of H5N1 bird flu reported in Canada and is in communication with the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), which has confirmed that the case was caused by an H5N1 virus that is different than those causing outbreaks in dairy cows and other animals in the United States. More information about the case in Canada and ongoing epidemiological investigation is available in a statement from PHAC. Updated case counts for the United States, including by state and source of exposure, are recorded in a table on CDC’s website. To date, person-to-person spread of H5 bird flu has not been identified in the United States. CDC believes the immediate risk to the general public from H5 bird flu remains low, but people with exposure to infected animals are at higher risk of infection.

On the animal health side, since March 2024, USDA has confirmed infected cattle in 505 dairy herds in 15 U.S. states. The number of affected herds continues to grow nationally, with almost all new infections identified in herds in California. USDA reports that, since April 2024, there have been H5 detections in 50 commercial poultry flocks and 38 backyard flocks, for a total of 25.61 million birds affected.

Among other activities reported in previous spotlights and ongoing, recent highlights of CDC’s response to this include:

Laboratory Update

To date, CDC has confirmed 11 human cases of H5 bird flu in poultry farm workers in Washington. Genetic sequencing of influenza virus from clinical specimens from these cases showed no changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) associated with increased infectivity or transmissibility among people. However, in influenza specimens from three of these H5 cases, CDC identified a change, NA-S247N, that may slightly reduce susceptibility to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in laboratory tests. NA-S247N has been detected sporadically in seasonal influenza viruses and has rarely been found in A(H5N1) viruses. Historically, two H5N1 viruses with the NA-S247N change have been tested for susceptibility to oseltamivir: an A(H5N1) virus collected from a chicken in Laos in 2008 (A/chicken/Laos/13/2008; PMID: 20016036) and a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus collected from a dolphin in Florida in 2022 (A/dolphin/Florida/2022; PMID: 37494978 and PMID: 38637646). These laboratory studies found either mildly reduced or reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, with results well below what has been reported for oseltamivir resistance of other influenza viruses. It is important to note that this change is not spreading in H5 viruses. Additionally, this change is not expected to have an impact on the ability of influenza viruses to replicate or spread more easily. While NA-S247N may slightly reduce antiviral susceptibility in laboratory testing, that is NOT the same as resistance. Results of laboratory studies demonstrating mildly reduced or reduced inhibition by oseltamivir may not indicate reduced effectiveness of antiviral treatment of a patient with H5N1 virus infection. NA-S247N is unlikely to have a meaningful impact on the clinical benefit of oseltamivir, which is the currently recommended antiviral for treatment for H5 bird flu. CDC continues to recommend oseltamivir for treatment of patients with H5N1 and for post-exposure prophylaxis of close contacts of confirmed H5N1 patients and those with higher risk exposures to animals infected with H5N1 viruses.

Due to low viral RNA concentrations in clinical specimens from these three cases and unsuccessful attempts to isolate virus in culture, multiple sequencing attempts were required to generate data sufficient to meet CDC quality thresholds for posting of partial NA sequences.

CDC also identified a different change in the polymerase acidic (PA) protein of a virus collected from a recently confirmed human case of H5N1 bird flu in California (A/California/150/2024). This change, PA-I38M, is associated with decreased susceptibility to the influenza antiviral medication baloxavir marboxil and has been sporadically detected in a small number of avian influenza viruses. Baloxavir is not currently recommended for treatment or post-exposure prophylaxis of H5N1 virus infection. As indicated above, oseltamivir is the recommended antiviral treatment for H5N1 bird flu. No H5N1 patients in the U.S. have received baloxavir treatment for H5N1. There are no available data on baloxavir treatment of H5N1 patients worldwide. And the optimal dosing and duration of baloxavir for treatment or post-exposure prophylaxis of H5N1 virus infection in humans are unknown.

Influenza genetic sequence data from these and other recently confirmed cases of H5 bird flu in humans have been posted in GISAID and GenBank. Additional laboratory investigations are ongoing and planned at CDC to better understand the implications of these changes in the context of the currently spreading H5 viruses. In summary, although these particular changes have not been detected widely and are not spreading among dairy cattle or birds, these findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and testing to analyze H5 viruses for any changes that could potentially impact their susceptibility to flu antiviral medications.

Surveillance Update

As noted above, CDC has so far confirmed 11 cases in Washington state and 26 cases in California.

CDC continues to support states that are monitoring people with exposure to cows, birds, or other domestic or wild animals infected, or potentially infected, with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. To date, more than 7,300 people have been monitored as a result of their exposure to infected or potentially infected animals, and at least 380 people who have developed flu-like symptoms, including conjunctivitis, have been tested as part of this targeted, situation-specific testing. More information on monitoring can be found at Symptom Monitoring Among Persons Exposed to HPAI.

In addition, since February 25, 2024, more than 60,000 specimens have been tested for avian influenza A(H5) virus or other novel influenza viruses at public health labs. One of the specimens, collected as a part of routine surveillance, was identified as presumptive positive for avian influenza A(H5) virus and was confirmed as H5N1 bird flu positive by CDC.

CDC also continues to monitor flu surveillance data using CDC’s 2024-2025 influenza surveillance strategy, especially in areas where avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have been detected in dairy cows or other animals, for any unusual trends, including in flu-like illness, conjunctivitis, or influenza virus activity. Overall, for the most recent week of data, CDC flu surveillance systems show no indicators of unusual flu activity in people.

Outreach Update

On Tuesday, November 12, and Wednesday, November 13, CDC hosted a radio media tour in English and Spanish for journalists reporting on flu. The tour allowed participants to hear from CDC experts about the Seasonal Flu Vaccine Program[A(1] [S(2] for Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Workers now underway in 12 states. The aim of these interviews was to underscore the importance of seasonal flu vaccination to reduce the risk from seasonal flu.

CDC has made available on its website a new “Toolbox Talk” on personal protective equipment for H5 bird flu. Toolbox Talks serve as a guide for leading focused discussions with workers about hazards they may face on the job. This guide is designed to help employers talk to workers about using PPE to prevent exposures to H5N1 bird flu, with brief presentations on how PPE works, how to safely put on and remove PPE, and what to do while wearing PPE.

CDC continues to support outreach to farm workers around the topic of H5N1 bird flu. This includes targeted outreach to farm workers in affected counties through Meta (Facebook and Instagram) and digital display and audio (Pandora). CDC also is running advertisements on local radio stations about 30 times each week to reach people who may not be on social media platforms. These resources provide information in English and Spanish about potential risks of H5N1 bird flu infection, recommended preventive actions, symptoms to be on the lookout for, and what to do if people develop symptoms. Outreach metrics are summarized in Table 1 (below). CDC also is developing an outreach strategy to raise awareness about the free seasonal flu vaccinations being offered to farm workers in affected states this season.